� � : Name: ____________________________________________ Hour: ____________ Part 1: Background Reading Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances.

WWF and partners secure protection for critical rain forest in Sumatra. Thus, while Brazil tops the chart for sheer volume of forest loss, Ghana is the worst country worldwide for intensification of deforestation and Côte d’Ivoire is second worst. If the chocolate industry wants to actually see results, they need to demand that their industry association — the WCF and the coordinating partner IDH — get a robust monitoring mechanism operational before the end of this year. t ��0 � � � � � � �+6� � � � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �4� 4� Excessive logging reduces biodiversity, affecting not only the old-growth forest itself, but also indigenous species that rely upon old-growth forest habitat.[8][9]. [3], In 2006, Greenpeace identified that the world's remaining intact forest landscapes are distributed among the continents as follows:[47]. Meanwhile, Mighty Earth and our allies have been able to bring increasing pressure on companies like Korindo, Posco Daewoo, and the Hayel Saeed Anam Group to stop deforestation in forest frontiers like Papua and Heart of Borneo. 1996.
Millions of people around the world depend on forests for hunting, gathering and medicine, forest products such as rubber and rattan, and small-scale agriculture. In Australia, the Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) attempted to prevent the clearfelling of defined "old-growth forests". Conversely, old-growth forests have significant environmental value, creating a stable ecological environment and promoting biological diversity. That allows more shade-tolerant tree species to establish below even before understory reinitiation stage. About 200 million years ago, this supercontinent split into two parts, which in turn, also continued to disintegrate. The increased understanding of forest dynamics in the late 20th century has led the scientific community to identify a need to inventory, understand, manage, and conserve representative examples of old-growth forests with their associated characteristics and values. Stand age can also be used to categorize forest as old-growth. Companies want to sell Indonesian products on the global market, but even reduced levels of deforestation are enough to sully a brand’s reputation. In North America, the spotted owl is well known for needing standing snags for nesting habitat. 7. Forests are essential for life on earth. We must now ask if these companies and their trade association, the World Cocoa Foundation, were playing a cruel joke on customers who desperately wanted to not feel guilty about indulging in a chocolate bar. While that represents a lot of deforestation, it’s a substantial drop from the 750,000 acres in annual clearance for palm oil we were seeing just a few years ago. The absence of humanity will not stop this process, because the chains of interactions between living organisms are already negatively impacted. [4] In Australia, eucalypt trees rarely exceed 350 years of age due to frequent fire disturbance.[5].

WWF has a program focus on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and the conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (called REDD+). t ��0 � � � � � � �+6� � � � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �4� 4�

The same amount is lost to logging and agriculture combined.

It’s important to note, however, that primary forests aren’t the only ones that matter: secondary, or regenerating, forests comprise much of the world’s remaining forests, more than two-thirds in Asia, and even greater proportions in North and Central America.
s Cocoa has been the number one cause of deforestation that has destroyed 90 percent of the country’s forest cover and driven similarly severe impacts in neighboring Ghana. Since the emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will end, nothing can prevent an onset of a new ice age, it may happen in about 25 thousand years. Because old-growth forest is structurally diverse, it provides higher-diversity habitat than forests in other stages. However, it aligns with the results that Mighty Earth has seen in our work on the private sector. March 2018

We still face rogue actors who refuse to comply with company sustainability policies and instead feed the palm oil “leakage markets” in Asia, the Middle East, and within Indonesia itself – where there is weaker consumer demand for sustainability – and in the growing but opaque biofuel market. [45] This coarse filter approach to biodiversity conservation recognizes ecological processes and provides for a dynamic distribution of old growth across the landscape. 3. � � � � � � � � � \ N N N N N N N $7$ 8$ H$ If gd� � kd[ $$If �l � ���F ��*��* � d At the same time, the central regions of Neo-Pangaea will be a scorched desert expanse, because rain clouds will not be able to reach these areas. The differences between forests must, therefore, be taken into consideration when determining how they should be managed to store carbon. [37], According to the World Resources Institute, as of January 2009, only 21% of the original old-growth forests that once existed on earth are remaining. The mixed age of the forest is an important criterion in ensuring that the forest is a relatively stable ecosystem in the long term. What is the first group of organisms to colonize an area called? Forests also play a critical role in mitigating climate change because they act as a carbon sink—soaking up carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that would otherwise be free in the atmosphere and contribute to ongoing changes in climate patterns. And the pace of progress is increasing. Moreover, during those millions of years, two dwarf stars will appear in close proximity to the Sun, which will inevitably lead to changes in planetary characteristics of the Earth, which will also experience the impact of comets.

Scientists have been unable to determine the cause of global die-out. If Indonesia’s government matches its action with the private sector, it can not only protect its natural resources and people, but also help drive economic growth. 8. Paleontologists have found that mass extinctions have been a periodic phenomenon in the Earth’s past. C) What might this patch of forest look like in 100 years? If carbon emissions from deforestation were taken into account, Brazil and Indonesia would rank in the top 10 of the world’s worst polluters. Human civilization is developing very fast. Forests are disappearing at an alarming rate—18.7 million acres of forests are lost annually, equivalent to 27 soccer fields every minute. Drifting and colliding continents will significantly impact the climate. Thus, sometimes higher biological diversity can be sustained in old-growth forest, or at least a biodiversity that is different from other forest stages. Biomass from forestry and farming has the potential to become a major source for sustainable power generation. Stand-initiation: A population of new trees becomes established. View our inclusive approach to conservation, A hilltop coffee plantation benefits from robust and healthy forests, 2020 Forest Fires Globally Could be Worse Than 2019, WWF Warns. Forests also provide habitat for a vast array of plants and animals, many of which are still undiscovered. Intact soils harbor many life forms that rely on them. However, this definition does not provide explanation about forest function. The obvious evolutionary advantage will be gained by genetically modified plants, which scientists have designed to be able to withstand the most challenging conditions for their survival. For example, this potential is particularly high in the Pacific Northwest where forests are relatively productive, trees live a long time, decomposition is relatively slow, and fires are infrequent.

Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 License statement/permission on Wikimedia Commons. May 2018 Stem-exclusion: Trees grow higher and enlarge their. 2. The large trees in old-growth forests are economically valuable, and have been subjected to aggressive logging around the world. August 2017.

t �� ���� ���� ���� �0 � � � � � � �+6� � � � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �4� 4� RFA old-growth and high conservation value forests that contain species highly desirable to the forestry industry have been poorly reserved. Consequently, the forest will switch back to understory reinitiation stage. So, some forests may be excluded from being categorized as old-growth even if they have old-growth attributes just because they are too young. Forests are home to 80% of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. Insects species which are most adapted to this kind of environment (cockroaches, scorpions, dragonflies, millipedes), will once again rule the world, just like at the time of the Carboniferous period. One of the most remarkable findings of the data is that Indonesia’s rate of destruction of primary forests has declined, dropping to its lowest level since 2003. There’s still way too much avoidable deforestation happening in the country, and a lot of damage that needs to be repaired, including from fires in 2015 that burned more than six million acres, led to the premature death of 100,000 people, and cost Indonesia at least USD 16.1 billion (almost 2 percent of GDP and roughly twice what the tsunami cost).


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