Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, E2415–E2423. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-1018-7. This question is difficult to answer with any degree of certainty, although one can attempt to make an inference by examining the “revealed preferences” (cf. Monckton, C. (2007a, October). Schubert, S. (2012). One clear example is the “Oregon Petition”, an internet-based collection of more than 30,000 signatories who claim to be “scientists” but are opposing the consensus on climate change. Jang, S. M., & Hart, P. S. (2015). As discussed below, there is nothing transcendental about the changes to Alice’s body in Wonderland, and this is not the only instance when Carroll takes a sideways look at religion. Climate change conceptual change: Scientific information can transform attitudes. Mathematician Charles Dodgson’s love of play and his need for rules came together in his use of popular games as part of the structure of the two famous children’s books, Alice in Wonderlandand Through the Looking-Glass, he wrote under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. Conversely, a known attribute of conspiracist thought is that it can appear incoherent by conventional evidentiary criteria.

Alice has also been turned into many game-related products including puzzle books, board games and sophisticated computer games such as American McGee’s Alice (2000), which follows Alice into a disturbed adulthood. [1] Lewis Carroll,The Annotated Alice: the Definitive Edition, introduction and notes by Martin Gardner (New York: W W Norton & Co., 1999).

We suggest that the only cognitive and argumentative options open to identity-protective cognition are either to deny the consensus or to discredit it. Our introductory quotations of Ian Plimer established that the argumentative incoherence that we analyzed in this article also arises within arguments offered by the same individual. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L05707. doi:10.1029/2010GL042710. RANZCP members have access to this journal as part of their membership. Instead, we suggest that people who reject the fact that the Earth’s climate is changing due to greenhouse gas emissions (or any other body of well-established scientific knowledge) oppose whatever inconvenient finding they are confronting in piece-meal fashion, rather than systematically, and without considering the implications of this rejection to the rest of the relevant scientific theory and findings. Cosmopolis, 1, 3–18. This argument assumes a causal link between global warming and the (absence of) snow or cold events, thus tacitly accepting the assumptions made in ordinary climate science. right oculomotor nerve palsy with ptosis and diplopia.

If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box. This dissent almost never finds expression in the peer-reviewed literature (Cook et al. Erkenntnis, 79, 647–665. Do not be redundant. Scientific debate is a key element of achieving scientific coherence (Leuschner 2012). Climate sensitivity uncertainty: When is good news bad? Omissions? doi:10.1177/0003122410388488.

Most radical of all, Alice regularly corrects the characters she meets, all of whom are older than she (there are no other children in Wonderland), and she loses her temper with several of them. Examining the scientific consensus on climate change. Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Min, S. K., Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W., & Hegerl, G. C. (2011). doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01801.x. Table 2 lists additional contradictory statements that, unlike those in Table 1, were made by the same person on separate occasions. Retrived from http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/01/10/hottestyear-ever-skeptics-question-revisions-to-climate-data.html. Institutionalizing delay: Foundation funding and the creation of US climate change counter-movement organizations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 373, 20150092. doi:10.1098/rsta.2015.0092. The “pause” in global warming: Turning a routine fluctuation into a problem for science. Another popular contrarian argument is that the “climate has changed before”, which frequently carries the tacit or explicit rhetorical implication that present-day climate change is similarly due only to the natural factors that drove past climate changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 12331–12336. doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1325-2. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. Reconciling two approaches to attribution of the 2010 Russian heat wave. doi:10.1007/s13194-014-0101-x. The language of denial: Text analysis reveals differences in language use between climate change proponents and skeptics. Your email address, e.g. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.045. It was notably illustrated by British artist John Tenniel. When a person’s worldview and identity, or their livelihood, are threatened by the regulatory implications of climate change, or other environmental risks, they frequently engage in “identity-protective cognition” (Kahan et al.

At that political level, climate denial achieves coherence in its uniform and unifying opposition to GHG emission cuts. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421533112. 2009, and by 6-to-1 or more in a recent analysis of extremes in Europe, Beniston 2015). doi:10.1038/nature09762.

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 63(6), 40–47. Betting strategies on fluctuations in the transient response of greenhouse warming. Ranney, M.A., & Clark, D. (2016). Retrieved from http://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/images/stories/papers/originals/alarming_warming.pdf.

Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7, e17.

Again, Dodgson’s close relationships with children is evident in the way he captures the sense of being alarmed or confused by a changing body, as when Alice’s neck becomes as long as a serpent and she loses touch with her feet, or she grows too large to fit in the White Rabbit’s house. The implications for climate sensitivity of AR5 forcing and heat uptake estimates. A long-standing contrarian argument has been that the global temperature record is inaccurate and that therefore global warming cannot be measured accurately (Watts 2009). Her blood pressure was 170/90. It cannot simultaneously be true that “\(\hbox {CO}_2\) keeps our planet warm ...” and that “Temperature and \(\hbox {CO}_2\) are not connected.” We next show that this incoherence suffuses the public posture of climate science denial, suggesting that it cannot lay a strong claim to scientific or intellectual credibility. Design/Methods: Retrospective review of patients presenting with symptoms of AIWS and identifying various underlying etiologies. Colgan, W., Sommers, A., Rajaram, H., Abdalati, W., & Frahm, J. 2013), with ice loss from Greenland in recent years being greater than at any time since at least 1840 (Box and Colgan 2013). 2013). Around 20 % of U.S. residents have been found to endorse the idea that climate change “is a hoax perpetrated by corrupt scientists who wish to spend more taxpayer money on climate research” (Lewandowsky et al. In climate science, contrarian studies are often disseminated through networks established by conservative think tanks and then used as a basis for both personal and professional attacks on climate scientists. doi:10.1177/0002764212469800. Thus grew the tale of Wonderland: 2012; Kelley et al. 50 years of continuous measurement of CO\(_2\) on Mauna Loa. Charles Dodgson was fascinated by all kinds of puzzles and word-play, and he encouraged his young friends to share this interest through personalised games and puzzles: invitations, for instance, would be issued using rebuses and codes that contained information about date, time, and place. An Analysis of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Retrieved from http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/global-warming-is-bullst-says-ryanair-boss-oleary-26679424.html. Thus, “...the specifics of a conspiracy theory do not matter as much as the fact that it is a conspiracy theory at all” (Wood et al. 2012; Otto et al.

There are so many Alices that the very personal nature of the character’s genesis is easily forgotten. Individuals with AIWS also experience alterations in perception of size of objects such as macropsia, teichopsia or micropsia, relations to their own or others body parts, in colors, and other metamorphopsias. For the case of climate change, Thagard and Findlay (2011) showed how the mainstream scientific position, namely that GHG emissions from human economic activities are causing the Earth to warm, is coherent and accounts for the available evidence. 2016; Trenberth 2015).

In a nutshell, the opposition to GHG emission cuts is the unifying and coherent position underlying all manifestations of climate science denial. Uncertainty and unabated emissions.

A postmodern Pandoras box: Anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet. 5 references maximum. Retrieved from http://ben-israel.rutgers.edu/711/monckton-response-to-gore-errors.pdf. If the coherent goal of contrarian activities is the prevention of political action, then argumentative incoherence—or other manifestations of conspiracist thought—are irrelevant, from the contrarians’ perspective, so long as it does not interfere with achievement of that goal. Monckton, C. (2008, December). The deniers: The world renowned scientists who stood up against global warming hysteria, political persecution, and fraud and those who are too fearful to do so. Christmas 2010: Reading between the lines how the growth of denialism undermines public health. Greenland ice sheet mass balance reconstruction. Organized climate change denial.

Testimony of the Viscount Monckton of Brenchley before Congress 6 May 2010. Plimer, I. Science, 348, 1420–1422. 2015a). (2013).

Although today Dodgson’s attraction to young girls can be seen as disturbing, he is one of a number of well-known Victorian and Edwardian men who found the company of girl children preferable to that of adults of either sex. There are people who deny scientific facts, but they are not “deniers”—they are people who choose to engage in a particular behavior. Current atmospheric \(\hbox {CO}_2\) levels are higher than at any time since at least 2.6 million years ago (Masson-Delmotte et al.

Evaluation of cryo-hydrologic warming as an explanation for increased ice velocities in the wet snow zone, Sermeq Avannarleq, West Greenland. doi:10.1073/pnas.1101766108. A possible escape from incoherence is to soften the claim about the data being unreliable to “the data exaggerate warming”. In this article, we broaden the enquiry of conspiracist ideation to an analysis of the (pseudo-) scientific arguments that are advanced against the scientific consensus on climate change, and how they contrast with the positions of the scientific mainstream. Within 10 min of cerebral angiography, she had a headache preceded

The lack of mechanisms to self-correct the scientific incoherencies manifest in denialist discourse further evidences that this is not the level at which rational activity is focused, and we must move to a higher level, looking at the role of conspiracist ideation in the political realm. doi:10.1073/pnas.1412797111. Unfortunately, dissent in some areas of science is increasingly doing just this; more and more, it is being used by stakeholders to undermine the authority of science in order to postpone inconvenient political action. Synthese, 187, 305–319.

Thus slowly, one by one, In 2013 she received the International Brothers Grimm Award for her contributions to the field of children’s literature research. Contact us if you experience any difficulty logging in. 2010; Cook et al. (2013). Watts, A. As the Dormouse’s tale illustrates, much of the personal content of the story is disguised through the use of puzzles, riddles, puns, and what appears to be nonsense.


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